Data types

All data sent over the network is big-endian, that is the bytes are sent from most significant byte to least significant byte. The majority of everyday computers are little-endian, therefore it may be necessary to change the endianness before sending data over the network.

Other than 'String' and 'Metadata', which are decoded with a custom function, these data formats are identical to those provided by the Java classes DataInputStream and DataOutputStream.

	Size	Range	Notes
bool	1	0 or 1	Value can be either true (0x01) or false (0x00)
byte	1	-128 to 127	Signed, two's complement
short	2	-32768 to 32767	Signed, two's complement
int	4	-2147483648 to 2147483647	Signed, two's complement
long	8	-9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807	Signed, two's complement
128-bit integer	16	0 to 340282366920938463463374607431768211455	Unsigned, two's complement Used in 0x2C to transmit UUIDs. The vanilla Minecraft server internally sends this as two longs.
float	4	See this	Single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point
double	8	See this	Double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point
string	≥ 2 ≤ 240	N/A	UTF-8 String length prefixed with a VarInt
VarInt	Varies	Protocol Buffer 32-bit Varint
VarLong	Varies		Like VarInt but for java longs
metadata	Varies	See this
Slot Data	Varies	See slot data
Position	8		See below
UUID	16		Encoded as two longs this.writeLong(uuid.getMostSignificantBits()); this.writeLong(uuid.getLeastSignificantBits());

Position

64-bit long split in to three parts

x: 26 MSBs

z: 26 LSBs

y: 12 bits between them

Encoded as followed:

 ((x & 0x3FFFFFF) << 38) | ((y & 0xFFF) << 26) | (z & 0x3FFFFFF)

And decoded as:

 long val; // Encoded value
 x = val >> 38;
 y = (val >> 26) & 0xFFF
 z = val << 38 >> 38

Fixed-point numbers

Some fields may be stored as fixed-point numbers, where a certain number of bits represents the signed integer part (number to the left of the decimal point) and the rest represents the fractional part (to the right). Floating points (float and double), in contrast, keep the number itself (mantissa) in one chunk, while the location of the decimal point (exponent) is stored beside it.

Essentially, while fixed-point numbers have lower range than floating points, their fractional precision is greater for higher values. This makes them ideal for representing global coordinates of an entity in Minecraft, as it's more important to store the integer part accurately than position them more precisely within a single block (or meter).

Coordinates are often represented as a 32-bit integer, where 5 of the least-significant bits are dedicated to the fractional part, and the rest store the integer part.

Java lacks support for fractional integers directly, but you can represent them as integers. To convert from a double to this integer representation, use the following formulas:

 abs_int = (int)double * 32;

And back again:

 double = (double)abs_int / 32;